registrieren | anmelden | FAQ      [?] 

Tag pathogen [83 articles]

Recent papers classified by the tag pathogen.
  • Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence
    Biological Reviews, Vol. 79, No. 4. (2004), pp. 849-869.
    by Bruno A Walther, Paul W Ewald
    posted to evolution pathogen virulence by Zman on 2008-04-22 01:44:19 as ** along with 1 person HugoMarcelo
  • Sepsis: Links between Pathogen Sensing and Organ Damage
    Current Pharmaceutical Design, Vol. 14, No. 19. (July 2008), pp. 1840-1852.
    by Crouser, Elliott, Exline, Matthew, Knoell, Daren, Wewers, D Mark
    posted to evolepi sepsis pathogen mitochondria inflammation by Zephyrus on 2008-11-03 22:24:23 as **
  • The roles of IL-17A in inflammatory immune responses and host defense against pathogens
    Immunological Reviews, Vol. 226, No. 1. (December 2008), pp. 57-79.
    by Iwakura, Yoichiro, Nakae, Susumu, Saijo, Shinobu, Ishigame, Harumichi
    posted to pathogen new-direction inflammation infection il17 by Zephyrus on 2008-11-26 23:44:30 as **
  • Viral Control of Mitochondrial Apoptosis
    PLoS Pathog, Vol. 4, No. 5. (30 May 2008), e1000018.
    by Lorenzo Galluzzi, Catherine Brenner, Eugenia Morselli, Zahia Touat, Guido Kroemer
    posted to evolepi viral pathogen mitochondria hiv endemic ebv apoptosis by Zephyrus on 2008-11-03 20:35:30 as ** along with 1 group References
  • The expanding universe of prion diseases.
    PLoS Pathog, Vol. 2, No. 3. (March 2006)
    by JC Watts, A Balachandran, D Westaway
    posted to disease pathogen prion review by xico on 2006-05-18 02:28:59 as ** along with 1 person and 1 group cicada WetBiology
  • Biology of Wolbachia
    Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 42, No. 1. (1997), pp. 587-609.
    by John H Werren
    posted to arthropod bacteria genetic insect microorganism parasite pathogen reproduction symbiont wolbachia by vhphys on 2008-03-13 13:28:43 as **
  • Use of hydrogen peroxide against the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum and its effect on infected turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
    Aquaculture, Vol. 257, No. 1-4. (30 June 2006), pp. 104-110.
    by Ruben Avendano-Herrera, Beatriz Magarinos, Rute Irgang, Alicia E Toranzo
    posted to pathogen by vgoutfish on 2006-07-04 07:35:00 as ** along with 1 group Fisheries_research
  • Being pathogenic, plastic, and sexual while living with a nearly minimal bacterial genome.
    PLoS Genet, Vol. 3, No. 5. (18 May 2007)
    by P Sirand-Pugnet, C Lartigue, M Marenda, D Jacob, A Barré, V Barbe, C Schenowitz, S Mangenot, A Couloux, B Segurens, A de Daruvar, A Blanchard, C Citti
    posted to sex plasticity pathogen mycoplasma genome bacteria by treangen on 2008-11-27 19:43:15 as ** along with 3 people operon luschons evodeva
  • The genome of Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315, an epidemic pathogen of cystic fibrosis patients.
    Journal of bacteriology (17 October 2008)
    by Matthew T G T Holden, Helena M B M Seth-Smith, Lisa C C Crossman, Mohammed Sebaihia, Stephen D D Bentley, Ana M M Cerdeño-Tárraga, Nicholas R R Thomson, Nathalie Bason, Michael A A Quail, Sarah Sharp, Inna Cherevach, Carol Churcher, Ian Goodhead, Heidi Hauser, Nancy Holroyd, Karen Mungall, Paul Scott, Danielle Walker, Brian White, Helen Rose, Pernille Iversen, Dalila Mil-Homens, Eduardo P C P Rocha, Arsenio M M Fialho, Adam Baldwin, Christopher Dowson, Bart G G Barrell, John R R Govan, Peter Vandamme, C Anthony A Hart, Eshwar Mahenthiralingam, Julian Parkhill
    posted to pathogen genome burkholderia bacteria by treangen on 2008-11-25 09:22:21 as **
  • Recombination and the population structures of bacterial pathogens.
    Annu Rev Microbiol, Vol. 55 (2001), pp. 561-590.
    by EJ Feil, BG Spratt
    posted to recombination population-genetics pathogen bacteria by treangen on 2008-11-19 13:28:21 as *** along with 4 people druvus jmeppley AaronDarling CharlesM
  • Complete Genomic Characterization of a Pathogenic A.II Strain of Francisella tularensis Subspecies tularensis.
    PLoS ONE, Vol. 2, No. 9. (2007)
    by SM Beckstrom-Sternberg, RK Auerbach, S Godbole, JV Pearson, JS Beckstrom-Sternberg, Z Deng, C Munk, K Kubota, Y Zhou, D Bruce, J Noronha, RH Scheuermann, A Wang, X Wei, J Wang, J Hao, DM Wagner, TS Brettin, N Brown, P Gilna, PS Keim
    posted to pathogen genome francisella by treangen on 2008-11-19 13:37:34 as *** along with 2 people Xavier druvus
  • The continuing evolution of a bacterial pathogen.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 105, No. 12. (25 March 2008), pp. 4535-4536.
    by JB Kaper, MA Karmali
    posted to pathogen evolution bacteria by treangen on 2008-11-27 15:44:35 as ** along with 1 person operon
  • The National Microbial Pathogen Database Resource (NMPDR): a genomics platform based on subsystem annotation.
    Nucleic acids research, Vol. 35, No. Database issue. (January 2007)
    by LK McNeil, C Reich, RK Aziz, D Bartels, M Cohoon, T Disz, RA Edwards, S Gerdes, K Hwang, M Kubal, GR Margaryan, F Meyer, W Mihalo, GJ Olsen, R Olson, A Osterman, D Paarmann, T Paczian, B Parrello, GD Pusch, DA Rodionov, X Shi, O Vassieva, V Vonstein, O Zagnitko, F Xia, J Zinner, R Overbeek, R Stevens
    posted to pathogen immune database by tomhebbron on 2008-09-15 15:59:13 as **
  • Real-time PCR assays for quantification and differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus strains in oysters and water.
    Applied and environmental microbiology, Vol. 74, No. 6. (March 2008), pp. 1704-1709.
    by KV Gordon, MC Vickery, A DePaola, C Staley, VJ Harwood
    posted to crassostrea mollusc pathogen by tanchize on 2008-07-23 08:42:43 as read
  • Cellulose Binding Domains of a Phytophthora Cell Wall Protein Are Novel Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
    Plant Cell, Vol. 18, No. 7. (1 July 2006), pp. 1766-1777.
    by Elodie Gaulin, Nani Drame, Claude Lafitte, Trudy Torto-Alalibo, Yves Martinez, Carine Ameline-Torregrosa, Moustafa Khatib, Honore Mazarguil, Francois Villalba-Mateos, Sophien Kamoun, Christian Mazars, Bernard Dumas, Arnaud Bottin, Marie-Therese Esquerre-Tugaye, Martina Rickauer
    posted to cellulose_binding_domain cell_wall oomycete pathogen phytophthora by stajich on 2008-02-08 20:56:11 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease
    J. Clin. Microbiol., Vol. 43, No. 2. (1 February 2005), pp. 982-987.
    by DA Sutton, EH Thompson, MG Rinaldi, PC Iwen, KK Nakasone, HS Jung, HM Rosenblatt, ME Paul
    posted to basidiomycota coprinus infection pathogen by stajich on 2008-02-22 00:07:04 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • The Putative alpha-1,2-Mannosyltransferase AfMnt1 of the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Is Required for Cell Wall Stability and Full Virulence
    Eukaryotic Cell, Vol. 7, No. 10. (1 October 2008), pp. 1661-1673.
    by Johannes Wagener, Bernd Echtenacher, Manfred Rohde, Andrea Kotz, Sven Krappmann, Jurgen Heesemann, Frank Ebel
    posted to virulence_factor pathogen fungi cell_wall cell_surface aspergillus by stajich on 2008-10-08 17:58:06 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Differential gene expression by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in host interaction conditions: representational difference analysis identifies candidate genes associated with fungal pathogenesis.
    Microbes Infect, Vol. 8, No. 12-13. (October 2006), pp. 2686-2697.
    by AM Bailão, A Schrank, CL Borges, V Dutra, EE Walquíria Inês Molinari-Madlum, MS Soares Felipe, MJ Soares Mendes-Giannini, WS Martins, M Pereira, C Maria de Almeida Soares
    posted to fungal pathogen by stajich on 2007-02-19 16:45:40 as **
  • Transcriptome profiling of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast-phase cells recovered from infected mice brings new insights into fungal response upon host interaction
    Microbiology, Vol. 153, No. 12. (1 December 2007), pp. 4194-4207.
    by Milce Costa, Clayton L Borges, Alexandre M Bailao, Gabriela V Meirelles, Yuri A Mendonca, Sabrina F Dantas, Fabricia P de Faria, Maria S Felipe, Eugenia E Molinari-Madlum, Maria J Mendes-Giannini, Rogerio B Fiuza, Wellington S Martins, Maristela Pereira, Celia M Soares
    posted to fungi gene_expression microarray paracoccidioides pathogen by stajich on 2007-12-04 06:22:17 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • A p21-Activated Kinase Is Required for Conidial Germination in Penicillium marneffei
    PLoS Pathogens, Vol. 3, No. 11. (1 November 2007), e162.
    by Kylie J Boyce, Alex Andrianopoulos
    posted to conidial germination pathogen penicillium by stajich on 2007-11-06 00:48:19 as **
  • Persistence of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis outside the amphibian host greatly increases the probability of host extinction.
    Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society, Vol. 275, No. 1632. (7 February 2008), pp. 329-334.
    by KM Mitchell, TS Churcher, TW Garner, MC Fisher
    posted to pathogen batrachochytrium by stajich on 2008-09-24 19:56:44 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Soil as natural reservoir for human pathogenic fungi.
    Science (New York, N.Y.), Vol. 123, No. 3203. (18 May 1956), pp. 876-879.
    by L AJELLO
    posted to coccidioides coccipaper keritinophilic pathogen by stajich on 2008-04-21 06:16:44 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production
    Nature, Vol. 437, No. 7060., pp. 884-888.
    by Laila P Partida-Martinez, Christian Hertweck
    posted to bacteria fungi pathogen rhizopus symbiosis zygomycota by stajich on 2008-03-03 23:44:29 as ** along with 5 people and 1 group GustavoLacerda jwortman dayjm robert manzanita Berkeley Mycology
  • Accidental Virulence, Cryptic Pathogenesis, Martians, Lost Hosts, and the Pathogenicity of Environmental Microbes
    Eukaryotic Cell, Vol. 6, No. 12. (1 December 2007), pp. 2169-2174.
    by Arturo Casadevall, Liise-Anne Pirofski
    posted to fungi pathogen virulence virulence_factor by stajich on 2008-01-29 19:10:32 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Insights from Sequencing Fungal and Oomycete Genomes: What Can We Learn about Plant Disease and the Evolution of Pathogenicity?
    Plant Cell, Vol. 19, No. 11. (1 November 2007), pp. 3318-3326.
    by Darren M Soanes, Thomas A Richards, Nicholas J Talbot
    posted to fungal genome oomycete pathogen plantpathogen review by stajich on 2008-02-08 21:01:28 as ** along with 1 person and 1 group GustavoLacerda Berkeley Mycology
  • The Complete Genome Sequence and Comparative Genome Analysis of the High Pathogenicity Yersinia enterocolitica Strain 8081.
    PLoS Genet, Vol. 2, No. 12. (15 December 2006)
    by Nicholas R R Thomson, Sarah Howard, Brendan W W Wren, Matthew T G T Holden, Lisa Crossman, Gregory L L Challis, Carol Churcher, Karen Mungall, Karen Brooks, Tracey Chillingworth, Theresa Feltwell, Zahra Abdellah, Heidi Hauser, Kay Jagels, Mark Maddison, Sharon Moule, Mandy Sanders, Sally Whitehead, Michael A A Quail, Gordon Dougan, Julian Parkhill, Michael B B Prentice
    posted to pathogen microbial genome_evolution genome by stajich on 2007-01-18 01:00:26 as ** along with 2 people AaronDarling martainn
  • Septin Function in Yeast Model Systems and Pathogenic Fungi
    Eukaryotic Cell, Vol. 4, No. 9. (1 September 2005), pp. 1503-1512.
    by Lois M Douglas, Francisco J Alvarez, Cheryl Mccreary, James B Konopka
    posted to pathogen septin yeast by stajich on 2008-02-10 23:37:25 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Identification and characterization of secreted and pathogenesis-related proteins in Ustilago maydis
    Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Vol. 279, No. 1. (11 January 2008), pp. 27-39.
    by Olaf Müller, Peter Schreier, Joachim Uhrig
    posted to pathogen protein secreted ustilago by stajich on 2008-03-17 00:46:50 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Expressed sequences tags of the anther smut fungus, Microbotryum violaceum, identify mating and pathogenicity genes
    BMC Genomics, Vol. 8 (10 August 2007), 272.
    by Roxana Yockteng, Sylvain Marthey, Helene Chiapello, Annie Gendrault, Michael E Hood, Francois Rodolphe, Benjamin Devier, Patrick Wincker, Carole Dossat, Tatiana Giraud
    posted to fungus microbotryum pathogen smut by stajich on 2007-12-30 21:59:30 as ** along with 1 group Berkeley Mycology
  • Self-destructive cooperation mediated by phenotypic noise
    Nature, Vol. 454, No. 7207. (2008), pp. 987-990.
    by Martin Ackermann, Barbel Stecher, Nikki E Freed, Pascal Songhet, Wolf-Dietrich Hardt, Michael Doebeli
    posted to cooperation evolution pathogen by skumagai on 2008-08-21 16:55:33 as read along with 4 people alexeid erel10 jjray kentsis
  • EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE IN A HETEROGENEOUS HOST POPULATION
    Evolution, Vol. 54, No. 1. (2000), pp. 64-71.
    by Roland R Regoes, Martin A Nowak, Sebastian Bonhoeffer
    posted to evolution host pathogen population virulence by skumagai on 2008-08-14 15:44:48 as read
  • Host condition as a constraint for parasite reproduction
    Oikos, Vol. 117, No. 5. (May 2008), pp. 749-753.
    by Seppala, Otto, Liljeroos, Katri, Karvonen, Anssi, Jokela, Jukka
    posted to condition host pathogen by skumagai on 2008-08-21 18:23:26 as read
  • Functional Nanoparticle-Based Proteomic Strategies for Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria
    Anal. Chem. (14 November 2008)
    by Wei-Jen Chen, Pei-Jane Tsai, Yu-Chie Chen
    posted to pathogen nanoparticles maldi magnetic detection bacteria by rodney on 2008-11-14 18:24:47 as ** along with 1 group Kopelman_Group
  • An online database for the detection of novel archaeal sequences in human ESTs.
    Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), Vol. 20, No. 15. (12 October 2004), pp. 2361-2362.
    by NF Saunders, PM Curmi, R Cavicchioli
    posted to archaea bioinformatics database est genomics pathogen by neils on 2008-05-11 10:26:19 as **
  • Genome-wide subcellular localization of putative outer membrane and extracellular proteins in Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai genome using bioinformatics approaches
    BMC Genomics, Vol. 9, No. 1. (2008)
    by Wasna Viratyosin, Supawadee Ingsriswang, Eakasit Pacharawongsakda, Prasit Palittapongarnpim
    posted to bacteria bioinformatics genomics leptospira localisation membrane pathogen prediction protein scl secretion by neils on 2008-04-21 05:05:55 as ** along with 1 person sitake
  • Methanogenic archaea in health and disease: A novel paradigm of microbial pathogenesis.
    International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM (29 August 2008)
    by Everly Conway de Macario, Alberto J L J Macario
    posted to review pathogen methanogen archaea by neils on 2008-09-03 08:33:36 as **
  • Genome sequence and rapid evolution of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A
    BMC Genomics, Vol. 9, No. 1. (2008)
    by Steven Salzberg, Daniel Sommer, Michael Schatz, Adam Phillippy, Pablo Rabinowicz, Seiji Tsuge, Ayako Furutani, Hirokazu Ochiai, Arthur Delcher, David Kelley, Ramana Madupu, Daniela Puiu, Diana Radune, Martin Shumway, Cole Trapnell, Gudlur Aparna, Gopaljee Jha, Alok Pandey, Prabhu Patil, Hiromichi Ishihara, Damien Meyer, Boris Szurek, Valerie Verdier, Ralf Koebnik, Maxwell J Dow, Robert Ryan, Hisae Hirata, Shinji Tsuyumu, Sang W Lee, Pamela Ronald, Ramesh Sonti, Marie A Van Sluys, Jan Leach, Frank White, Adam Bogdanove
    posted to evolution genome pathogen rice sequence xanthomonas by neils on 2008-05-02 00:28:46 as **
  • Pathogenic archaea: do they exist?
    BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, Vol. 25, No. 11. (November 2003), pp. 1119-1128.
    by R Cavicchioli, PM Curmi, N Saunders, T Thomas
    posted to archaea pathogen review by neils on 2008-05-11 10:25:26 as **
  • The genome of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida A449: insights into the evolution of a fish pathogen
    BMC Genomics, Vol. 9, No. 1. (2008)
    by Michael Reith, Rama Singh, Bruce Curtis, Jessica Boyd, Anne Bouevitch, Jennifer Kimball, Janet Munholland, Colleen Murphy, Darren Sarty, Jason Williams, John Nash, Stewart Johnson, Laura Brown
    posted to salmon pathogen genome fish bacteria aeromonas by neils on 2008-09-19 01:19:29 as ** along with 1 person druvus
  • Large scale variation in Enterococcus faecalis illustrated by the genome analysis of strain OG1RF
    Genome Biology, Vol. 9, No. 7. (2008)
    by Agathe Bourgogne, Danielle Garsin, Xiang Qin, Kavindra Singh, Jouko Sillanpaa, Shailaja Yerrapragada, Yan Ding, Shannon D Rocha, Christian Buhay, Hua Shen, Guan Chen, Gabrielle Williams, Donna Muzny, Arash Maadani, Kristina Fox, Jason Gioia, Lei Chen, Yue Shang, Cesar Arias, Sreedhar Nallapareddy, Meng Zhao, Vittal Prakash, Shahreen Chowdhury, Huaiyang Jiang, Richard Gibbs, Barbara Murray, Sarah Highlander, George Weinstock
    posted to bacteria enterococcus genomics pathogen virulence by neils on 2008-07-09 03:42:20 as **
  • What makes pathogens pathogenic
    Genome Biology, Vol. 9, No. 6. (2008)
    by Garth Ehrlich, Luisa N Hiller, Fen Hu
    posted to environment genetics pathogen review by neils on 2008-06-25 01:16:06 as ** along with 3 people dakelley marck druvus
  • Aphid dispersal flight disseminates fungal pathogens and parasitoids as natural control agents of aphids
    Ecological Entomology, Vol. 32, No. 1. (February 2007), pp. 97-104.
    by Ming-Guang Feng, Chun Chen, Su-Wei Shang, Sheng-Hua Ying, Zhi-Cheng Shen, Xue-Xin Chen
    posted to aphid dispersal myzus pathogen by Myzuspersicae on 2007-03-28 15:02:29 as ** along with 1 group Silwood-Aphid-Journal-Club
  • Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in seawater.
    J Eukaryot Microbiol, Vol. 50 Suppl (2003), pp. 687-688.
    by DS Lindsay, MV Collins, SM Mitchell, RA Cole, GJ Flick, CN Wetch, A Lindquist, JP Dubey
    posted to gondii pathogen toxoplasma by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 17:24:54 as ***
  • Antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in Canada.
    Vet Rec, Vol. 155, No. 5. (31 July 2004), pp. 135-140.
    by JD Philippa, FA Leighton, PY Daoust, O Nielsen, M Pagliarulo, H Schwantje, T Shury, R Van Herwijnen, BE Martina, T Kuiken, MW Van de Bildt, AD Osterhaus
    posted to enhydra epidemiology gondii lutris pathogen toxoplasma antibody by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 16:53:21 as ***
  • An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality.
    Int J Parasitol, Vol. 34, No. 3. (9 March 2004), pp. 275-284.
    by MA Miller, ME Grigg, C Kreuder, ER James, AC Melli, PR Crosbie, DA Jessup, JC Boothroyd, D Brownstein, PA Conrad
    posted to antibody enhydra epidemiology gondii lutris pathogen toxoplasma by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 17:24:20 as ****
  • Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
    Int J Parasitol, Vol. 33, No. 10. (15 September 2003), pp. 1087-1097.
    by KD Arkush, MA Miller, CM Leutenegger, IA Gardner, AE Packham, AR Heckeroth, AM Tenter, BC Barr, PA Conrad
    posted to ecology enhydra exposure gondii lutris pathogen toxoplasma by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 17:27:17 as ****
  • Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals.
    Vet Parasitol, Vol. 116, No. 4. (30 October 2003), pp. 275-296.
    by JP Dubey, R Zarnke, NJ Thomas, SK Wong, W Van Bonn, M Briggs, JW Davis, R Ewing, M Mense, OC Kwok, S Romand, P Thulliez
    posted to enhydra epidemiology gondii lutris mammals marine pathogen toxoplasma by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 17:26:04 as ****
  • Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters.
    J Wildl Dis, Vol. 39, No. 4. (October 2003), pp. 837-850.
    by KD Hanni, JA Mazet, FM Gulland, J Estes, M Staedler, MJ Murray, M Miller, DA Jessup
    posted to enhydra epidemiology lutris pathogen by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 17:25:35 as ****
  • Biological characterisation of Sarcocystis neurona isolated from a Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis).
    Int J Parasitol, Vol. 30, No. 5. (24 April 2000), pp. 617-624.
    by DS Lindsay, NJ Thomas, JP Dubey
    posted to enhydra epidemiology exposure lutris molecular neurona pathogen sarcocystis by mjmilloy on 2005-02-24 17:30:12 as ****
  • Marital infidelity and its effect on pathogen diversity
    Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 6417, No. 1. (2006)
    by Matthew J Berryman
    edited by Axel Bender
    posted to pathogen infidelity diversity coevolution by mattjb on 2007-02-01 05:42:56 as read along with 2 groups ComplexAdaptiveSystems DSTO-CAS
    • Bemerkung: Sie können diese Seite wie folgt zitieren: http://www.citeulike.org/tag/pathogen

    Result page: 1 2 Next RIS BibTeX
    CiteULike organises scholarly (or academic) papers or literature and provides bibliographic (which means it makes bibliographies) for universities and higher education establishments. It helps undergraduates and postgraduates. People studying for PhDs or in postdoctoral (postdoc) positions. The service is similar in scope to EndNote or RefWorks or any other reference manager like BibTeX, but it is a social bookmarking service for scientists and humanities researchers.